. Remove comma and inverted commas.
Put 'that' between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put 'that' between the reporting and reported speech). Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for 'I'.
Change the pronoun of the direct speech according to the rules described in table 2. Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately according to rules described in table 3. Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate words expressing distance as per table 1. Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech. The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.
Indirect Speech Conversion Direct Speech Condition Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense. If the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense.
Do Not Change Tense of reported Speech in Indirect Speech sentence If in direct speech you find say/says or will say. Direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action. The reporting verb is in a present tense.
When there are two sentences combined with the help of a conjunction and both sentences have got different tenses. Then change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.
Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance. Change of place and time Direct Speech Word Indirect Speech Word Here There Today that day this morning that morning Yesterday the day before Tomorrow the next day next week the following week next month the following month Now Then Ago Before Thus So Last Night the night before This That These Those Hither Thither Hence Thence Come Go. Change in Pronouns. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, according to their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker. If we change direct speech into indirect speech, the pronouns will change in the following ways. Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech. She says, 'I am in tenth class.'
She says, 'I am in tenth class.' The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech. He says to them, 'You have completed your job.' He tells them that they have completed their job. The third person of the reported speech doesn't change. She says, 'She is in tenth class.'
She says that she is in tenth class. Change in Tenses. The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change. Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech Simple Present Changes To Simple Past 'I always drink coffee', she said She said that she always drank coffee. Present Continuous Changes To Past Continuous 'I am reading a book', he explained.
He explained that he was reading a book Present Perfect Changes To Past Perfect She said, 'He has finished his work' She said that he had finished his work. Present Perfect Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous 'I have been to Spain', he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain. Simple Past Changes To Past Perfect 'Bill arrived on Saturday', he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday Past Perfect Changes To Past Perfect (No Change In Tense) 'I had just turned out the light,' he explained.
He explained that he had just turned out the light. Past Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous 'We were living in Paris', they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris. Future Changes To Present Conditional 'I will be in Geneva on Monday', he said He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. Future Continuous Changes To Conditional Continuous She said, 'I'll be using the car next Friday.' She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
Changes in Modals. Rules Direct Speech Indirect Speech CAN changes into COULD He said, 'I can drive a car'.
He said that he could drive a car. MAY changes into MIGHT He said, 'I may buy a computer' He said that he might buy a computer. MUST changes into HAD TO He said, 'I must work hard' He said that he had to work hard.
These Modals Do Not Change: Would, could, might, should, ought to. Would They said, 'we would apply for a visa' They said that they would apply for visa.
Could He said, 'I could run faster' He said that he could run faster. Might John said, 'I might meet him'. John said that he might meet him. Should He said, 'I should avail the opportunity' He said that he should avail the opportunity. Ought to He said to me, 'you ought to wait for him' He said to me that I ought to wait for him.
Changes for Imperative Sentences. Imperative sentences consist any of these four things:. Order. Request. Advice. Suggestion Most commonly used words to join clauses together are ordered, requested, advised and suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative sentences.
Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech Reporting verb in indirect verb Order ordered Request requested / entreated Advice advised / urged Never told, advised or forbade (No need of 'not' after 'forbade') Direction directed Suggestion suggested to Warning warn (If a person is addressed directly) called. Exclamatory Sentences. Exclamatory sentences expresses emotions.
Interjections such as Hurrah, wow, alas, oh, ah are used to express emotions. The word ' that' is used as join clause. Rules for conversion of Exclamatory Direct Speech Sentences into Indirect Speech Sentences. Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive sentence. Interjections are removed.
Exclamation mark changes into full stop. W.H words like, 'what' and 'how' are removed and before the adjective of reported speech we put 'very'. Changes of 'tenses', 'pronouns' and 'adjectives' will be according to the previous rules. Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech Reporting verb in indirect verb sorrow in reported speech Exclaimed with sorrow/ grief/ exclaimed sorrowfully or cried out happiness in reported speech exclaimed with joy/ delight/ exclaimed joyfully surprise in reported speech exclaimed with surprise/ wonder/ astonishment' appreciation and it is being expressed strongly applauded. Interrogative Sentences. Interrogative sentences are of two types:. Interrogative with auxiliaries at the beginning.
Interrogatives with who, where, what, when, how etc., i.e. Wh questions. Rules for conversion of Interrogative Direct Speech Sentence into Indirect Speech Sentences There are some rules to change direct to Indirect speech of Interrogative sentence: RULES Changes Direct Speech Condition Indirect Speech Condition Reporting Verb said/ said to Asked, enquired or demanded.
Joining Clause If sentence begins with auxiliary verb joining clause should be if or whether. If sentence begins with 'wh' questions then no conjunction is used as 'question-word' itself act as joining clause. Punctuation Question Mark Full Stop Helping Verbs sentences is expressing positive feeling do/does is removed from sentence. If 'No' is used in interrogative sentences do/does is changed into did. Did or has/have Had. Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were) are used after the subject.
Adverbs and pronouns are converted according to the table 1 and table 2 respectively. Punctuation in Direct Speech.
In direct speech, various punctuation conventions are used to separate the quoted words from the rest of the text: this allows a reader to follow what's going on. Here are the basic rules: RULES EXAMPLES The words that are actually spoken should be enclosed in inverted commas 'He's very clever, you know.' Start new paragraph every time when a new speaker says something. 'They think it's a more respectable job,' said Joe. 'I don't agree,' I replied Comma, full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark must be present at the end of reported sentences.
This is placed inside the closing inverted comma or commas. 'Can I come in?' 'Just a moment!' 'You're right,' he said.
If direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, comma is used to introduce the piece of speech, placed before the first inverted comma. Steve replied, 'No problem.' If the direct speech is broken up by information about who is speaking, comma (or a question mark or exclamation mark) is used to separate the two reported speech 'You're right,' he said. 'It feels strange.'
'Thinking back,' she said, 'he didn't expect to win.' . Rules for conversion of Indirect Speech to Direct Speech. To change from Indirect to Direct Speech, keep the rules of the Direct Speech are applied in the reverse order. Use the reporting verb, 'say' or 'said to' in its correct tense. Remove the conjuctions 'that, to, if or whether etc'. Wherever necessary.
Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation and fullstop, wherever necessary. Put a comma before the statement. Write the first word of the statement with capital letter. Change the past tense into present tense wherever the repoting verb is in the past tense.
Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary. Be careful about the order of words in the question.
The following table will enable to find the kind of sentence: Indirect (Conjunction) Direct (Kind of Sentence) That Statement (or) Exclamatory sentence to, not to Imperative requested + to Begin the imperative sentence with 'please' if or whether Interrogative sentence (Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb +.?) What, When, How etc., (Wh or How + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb +.?).
. Write each sentence in indirect speech: 8. Direct = Nick said, “Please don’t ask how the meeting went.” Indirect = Nick said not to ask how the meeting had gone/ went. ( Answer Key). Write each of the following in direct speech: 3. Indirect = Cousins said not to lose hope when a doctor says survival is impossible.
Direct = Cousins said, “Don’t lose hope when a doctor says survival is impossible.” ( Answer Key). Write each sentence in indirect speech: 4. Direct = Dad said, “Hurry up or we will be late' Indirect = Dad told us to hurry up or we would be late. ( Answer Key). Hi, I have encountered a big problem while teaching direct and indirect imperatives, and need your help. The above ones are the practices in the book which I teach.
My student asked me a question which I couldn't give him a logical answer and we both got confused. My student: Sir, we usually convert tenses when changing direct to indirect right?
Me: 'Right' My student: 'Then why in number 8 it's ok to use two senses ( Had gone/ went) but in number 3 and 4 we can not change the tense? I mean why in number 3 we can't say ( said-was) or why in number 4 we can't say ( will) but ( would)? Why in number 8 two tenses both are ok to be used but in 3 and 4 we can only use one tense? Isn't it confusing or hard for we? In exam if we see a direct imperative then how should we be sure that while converting it to an indirect imperative we can use only one tense or both two tenses are ok to be used?
If in number 8 indirect, two tenses are ok to be used, then why in number 3 and 4, two tenses can not be correct?' That was the time when I got confused myself too and couldn't answer him. Would you please be nice enough to help me on that one? What should answer him?
(This problem happens to my students only in indirect imperatives not simple quotes) Source: Summit 2B (by Joan Saslo and Allen Ascher) Pearson Longman Press, Unit 8, Direct and Indirect Speeches. This is an interesting question and I have great sympathy for you and your excellent student. Sometimes in cases like this forum members disagree with the book but here I share the book's opinion. Write each sentence in indirect speech: 8. Aplikasi wifi untuk laptop. Direct = Nick said, “Please don’t ask how the meeting went.” Indirect = Nick said not to ask how the meeting had gone/ went. ( Answer Key) I'm going to quote from on this, because I've found it generally helpful and consistent: when the original utterance is in the past simple, we sometimes retain the past simple in reported speech as an alternative to the past perfect.
Either past simple or past perfect is quite acceptable in these examples as it is not so important to show the relationship between the events being spoken about and the original speech. I think that puts it well. As you can see, it says that either tense is possible in a case like yours, SB. Write each of the following in direct speech: 3. Indirect = Cousins said not to lose hope when a doctor says survival is impossible. Direct = Cousins said, “Don’t lose hope when a doctor says survival is impossible.” ( Answer Key) When dealing with universal laws like the laws of science or something which is a general principle like a moral law, we often don't shift.
The indirect version hasn't shifted for that reason: the principle of not losing hope under these circumstances is projected all the more powerfully by the refusal to shift. Write each sentence in indirect speech: 4. Direct = Dad said, “Hurry up or we will be late' Indirect = Dad told us to hurry up or we would be late. ( Answer Key) We almost always shift the future to the conditional when going from direct to indirect speech. I've put my comments in red here, SB, to avoid having to number the examples as I write. If anything is unclear, please say so.
As you can see, there is a good reason why Example 8 can have two answers while the others have only one. Click to expand.There's another principle which I didn't mention for fear of complicating things in my first post. We often do not shift a present tense (even a present tense with future force, as here) when the clause retains strong ties with the present - it's still important to ring.
Here two answers would be very possible. Direct = She said, 'Call me when you get home.' Indirect = a. She said to call her when we get home or b. She said to call her when we got home. The first makes the need to telephone urgent and pressing; the second would lay much less stress on the need not to forget.
Hello again, I found a note in my book with some examples, I think according to that note, using ( said- was) in post #1 sentence #3 can be correct. This is the note: When a reporting verb is in the simple past tense, backshifting is optional when: The direct speech refers to something that’s still true or the direct speech refers to a scientific or general truth. Look at the examples which look like to my sentence #3 in Post #1: Direct = He found, “the Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system.” Indirect = He noted that the Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. Indirect = He noted that the Earth was the fifth largest planet in the solar system. So according to this, in post #1 sentence #3, using both ( said- was) or ( says- is) is correct. Aren't I right?
As Thomas explained, the content of post #1, sentence #3 has 'future force', pertains to future events. The structure is: Don't verb of reaction when inciting incident occurs. This is saying 'in the future, do not verb when.' To (hopefully) make things clearer, let's think of the inciting incident in terms other than reported speech. In your example sentence, the inciting incident is 'doctors saying survival is impossible'. It is not the reporting of speech which is determining the tense, it is the structure 'Don't verb when X'.
For instance, 'Don't get angry when she tells you'. Logically and grammatically, it would be incorrect to say 'Don't get angry (in the future) when she told you (in the past)'. Does that make sense? In the latest three examples from your book, there is no imperative structure.
'It's rather a funny story,' he said. 'He wasn't a bad chap. He was always well-dressed and smart-looking. He was handsome in a way, with curly hair and pink-andwhite cheeks. Women thought a lot of him.
There was no harm in him, you know, he was only wild. Of course he drank too much. Those sort of fellows always do. A bit of money used to come in for him once a quarter and he made a bit more by card-playing.
He won a good deal of mine, I know that.' Burton gave a kindly little chuckle. I knew from my own experience that he could lose money at bridge with a good grace.
'I suppose that is why he came to me when he went broke, that and the fact that he was a namesake of mine. He came to see me in my office one day and asked me for a job.
I was rather surprised. He told me that there was no more money coming from home and he wanted to work. I asked him how old he was. 'Thirty-five,' he said. 'And what have you been doing hitherto?' 'Well, nothing very much,' he said.
I couldn't help laughing. 'I'm afraid I can't do anything for you just yet,' I said. 'Come back and see me in another thirty-five years, and I'll see what I can do.' Convert it from direct to indirect speech please.
Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say?
In two ways:. by repeating the words spoken (direct speech). by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct Speech Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (' ') and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation. Examples.
She says, 'What time will you be home?' . She said, 'What time will you be home?' And I said, 'I don't know! '. 'There's a fly in my soup!' Screamed Simone.
Direct To Indirect Speech Converter Software Free Download
John said, 'There's an elephant outside the window.' Indirect Speech Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used. She said, 'I saw him.' (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech) 'That' may be omitted: She told him that she was happy.
= She told him she was happy. 'Say' and 'tell' Use 'say' when there is no indirect object: He said that he was tired. Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. With an indirect object): He told me that he was tired. 'Talk' and 'speak' Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating: He talked to us. She was speaking on the telephone. Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said: He talked (to us) about his parents.